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Systemic change across all sectors and societal groups is necessary to enable the transition to a GHG-neutral and resource-efficient society. Various interdependencies exist between the supply of energy and raw materials and the demand for these via production, infrastructure needs, and individual consumption patterns (Figure 4). These interdependencies differ in their magnitude as shown by the width of the arrows in the figure. The needs and consumption patterns initiated by activities such as leisure and tourism, housing, communication, mobility, and food (blue hexagons) trigger a demand for products and services. Providing these demands requires energy and resources (e.g., raw materials, land area, and water) and results in associated environmental (e.g., GHG-emissions) as well as social impacts (e.g., corruption, violent conflicts, etc.). Transforming the energy supply (“Energiewende”) and underlying materials system (“Rohstoffwende”) (green circles at the center) towards increased sustainability is directly linked to the transformation of individual sectors (small green circles) and the other way around. This highlights that the transformation of the economy has to take place with both climate and resource protection in mind. The speed at which such a transformation of the energy and materials system is implemented has to consider possible peaks in raw materials demands and cumulative GHG-emissions along the transformation path and set incentives to ensure the long-term effectiveness of political measures and the readiness of necessary infrastructures and technologies. The following chapters describe the individual sectors/ application areas required for a transformation to a resource-efficient and GHG-neutral society
